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@#Objective To analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)in Honghe Prefecture,Yunnan Province from 2013 to 2021,and provide basis for the development of prevention and control strategies for HFMD. Methods The case data of HFMD in Honghe Prefecture,Yunnan Province from 2013 to2021 were extracted from the“China Disease Prevention and Control Information System”. Descriptive epidemiological analysis method was used to analyze the incidence rate,severe rate,mortality rate. The nucleic acids of enterovirus-A71(EV-A71)and Coxsackievirus-A16(CV-A16)were detected by Real-time PCR in throat swabs,anal swabs or stool samples from 16 586 cases of HFMD,and the etiological characteristics were analyzed. Results A total of 78 356 cases of HFMD were reported from 2013 to 2021 in Honghe Prefecture,Yunnan Province,with 354 severe cases and 11 deaths. The average annual incidence rate of HFMD was 187. 47/100 000,with an upward trend from 2013 to 2015,and reached the first peak in 2015,which showed a downward trend from 2016 to 2017,while increased,reached the second peak,and then gradually decreased and tended to be flat in 2018. The severe and death rates have been declining since 2015. The age group of 0～7 years old showed high incidence,which accounted for 97. 85%(76 670/78 356)of the total incidence,and the average annual incidence of 1～2 years old group was the highest(4 397. 98/100 000). Generally,the time distribution showed a bimodal distribution,which were from April to July(summer peak)and from October to December(autumn peak),and the peak in summer was higher than that in autumn. The number of cases and severe cases in males were significantly higher than those in females（χ~2= 1 154. 436 and 5. 183,respectively,each P < 0. 05）. The average annual incidence and severe rate in the northern part of Honghe Prefecture were significantly higher than those in the southern part（χ~2= 18 573. 742 and 11. 036,respectively,each P < 0. 05）. Among 16 586 HFMD cases,EV-A71,CV-A16 and other enteroviruses accounted for 18. 71%,20. 38% and 60. 91% of cases,respectively,with significant difference（χ~2= 5 426. 965,P < 0. 05）. The dominant pathogen was EV-A71 in 2013 and 2015,while CV-A16 in 2014,and other enteroviruses became the dominant pathogens in 2016 — 2021. Conclusion The epidemic trend of HFMD in Honghe Prefecture,Yunnan Province from 2013 to 2021 was seasonal and regional,with children under the age of 7 being the key population,and other enteroviruses have become the dominant pathogens after 2016. HFMD prevention and control knowledge publicity should be strengthened,good hygiene habits should be advocated,and parents' awareness of disease prevention should be raised. EV-A71 vaccination should be strengthened to reduce EV-A71 infection and effectively prevent severe cases and deaths.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of new occupational pneumoconiosis in Zigong City from 2018 to 2022, and to provide the basis for further prevention and treatment of local pneumoconiosis. Methods The information of newly diagnosed and reported cases of pneumoconiosis in Zigong City from 2018 to 2022 was collected through the occupational disease and occupational health information monitoring system, and the characteristics of the distribution of pneumoconiosis in three regions, the composition of diseases and the length of service of exposure to dust were analyzed. Results From 2018 to 2022, the top 3 newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis diseases in Zigong City were silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis and asbestosis. Silicosis cases were mainly distributed in small and medium-sized employers, accounting for 81.41%. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis was mainly distributed in large and medium-sized employers, accounting for 97.24%. Asbestosis mainly distributed in large scale employers, accounting for 96.36%. There was significant difference in dust handling age of different scale employers (H=11.453, P<0.05). The median ages of silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis and other pneumoconiosis were 47.0 years, 52.0 years and 48.2 years, respectively. The median age of dust handling was 3.3 years, 22.0 years and 23.2 years, respectively. The age of onset of coal workers' pneumoconiosis was higher than that of silicosis and other pneumoconiosis (H=72.547, P<0.05), and the age of dust exposure of silicosis was shorter than that of coal workers' pneumoconiosis and other pneumoconiosis (H=10.453, P<0.05). Conclusion The current situation of pneumoconiosis in Zigong City is still severe, with obvious clustering in disease types and industries. Prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis in key industries should be further strengthened to protect the health rights and interests of workers.
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Objective To analyze the seasonal and epidemiological characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Chuzhou from 2010 to 2022. Methods The epidemiological data of CAP in Chuzhou from 2010 to 2022 were obtained from the center for diseases control and prevention of Chuzhou City, Anhui Province. After inclusion and exclusion, a total of 1 053 cases were enrolled. General data were collected. Then the characteristics of CAP patients in terms of gender, age, regional and seasonal distribution and pathogenic bacteria distribution were analyzed. Results A total of 316 patients with CAP, with a prevalence rate of 30.01%, including 152 males (48.10%) and 164 females (51.90%). Regarding age, 86 cases (27.22%) at 19-40 years, 106 cases (33.54%) at 41-60 years, and 124 cases (39.24%) at >60 years, suggesting a statistical difference in the CAP detection rate among different genders and ages (P<0.05). Seasonally, 118 cases (37.34%) were detected in spring, 13 cases (4.11%) in summer, 49 cases (15.51%) in autumn, and 136 cases (43.04%) in winter, with the highest CAP detection rate in winter, followed by spring. Pathogenic bacteria were positive in 198 of 316 patients, with a detection rate of 62.66%. A total of 125 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in sputum culture, of which 138 cases were Gram-negative, mainly Escherichia coli (24.24%, 48/198), and 60 cases were Gram-positive, mainly Streptococcus pneumoniae (14.14%, 28/198). Among 198 patients positive for pathogen detection, 41 cases were detected in spring, 37 cases in summer, 56 cases in autumn and 64 cases in winter. The drug sensitivity results showed that Escherichia coli had the highest resistance rate to ampicillin and cefazolin, and was sensitive to imipenem and other antibiotics; Streptococcus pneumoniae has the highest resistance rate to penicillin and erythromycin, and is sensitive to vancomycin. Conclusion CAP is quite common in elderly population in Chuzhou from 2010 to 2022, with a high prevalence rate in spring and winter, and the prevention work of high-risk groups should be strengthened.
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Introducción: Un mayor conocimiento y difusión acerca del comportamiento epidemiológico de la infección por VIH en el Departamento de Itapúa genera una evidencia significativa para la toma de decisiones a nivel regional. Objetivo: Caracterizar epidemiológicamente a pacientes con VIH que forman parte del PRONASIDA del Hospital Regional de Encarnación desde el año 2017 a 2021. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo en pacientes con VIH captados por el PRONASIDA del Hospital Regional de Encarnación, 7ª Región Sanitaria, durante los años 2017-2021 (n=375). Los datos se expresaron en medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, y tabla de proporciones. Resultados: El mayor número de casos (80) se evidenció en los años 2018 y 2019. El rango etario de 20-29 años reportó el mayor número de casos, 20% (75), con predominancia del sexo femenino 64% (229), el 47% (177) procedente de Encarnación. Se halló un 43% (106) de casos de sida con CD4 menor a 200 células/mL, la mediana de la carga viral fue de 96.030cél/mL con un rango intercuartílico de 401.884,5cél/mL. Conclusión: Se identificó la disminución de nuevos diagnósticos en el año 2020, lo cual guarda relación con las medidas sanitarias a causa de la pandemia por COVID-19. Las características analizadas mostraron predominancia del sexo femenino en grupos etarios en edad joven con procedencia de Encarnación. Se considera importante fortalecer el primer nivel de atención en Itapúa a fin de evidenciar las brechas con el objetivo de ampliar el acceso para captación de pacientes y asegurar un diagnóstico precoz.
Introduction: Increased knowledge and dissemination about the epidemiological behavior of HIV infection in the Department of Itapúa generates significant evidence for decision-making at the regional level. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients with HIV who are part of the PRONASIDA of the Regional Hospital of Encarnación from 2017 to 2021. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on HIV patients enrolled in the PRONASIDA program at the Regional Hospital of Encarnación, 7th Health Region, during the years 2017-2021 (n=375). Data were expressed in measures of central tendency and dispersion, and proportions table. Results: The highest number of cases (80) was observed in 2018 and 2019. The age range of 20-29 years reported the highest number of cases, 20% (75), predominantly among females 64% (229), with 47% (177) originating from Encarnación. Forty-three percent (106) of AIDS cases had CD4 counts lower than 200 cells/mL, with a median viral load of 96,030 cells/mL and an interquartile range of 401,884.5 cells/mL. Conclusion: A decrease in new diagnoses was identified in the year 2020, likely associated with health measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The analyzed characteristics showed a predominance of females in younger age groups originating from Encarnación. It is considered important to strengthen primary care in Itapúa to highlight gaps, aiming to broaden access for patient enrollment and ensure early diagnosis.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral diseases. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with the purpose of clinically and epidemiologically characterizing anal HPV infection in patients who attended the Benign Orificial Pathology Consultation of the Coloproctological Unit at the Dr. "Antonio María Pineda" Central University Hospital, during the period March 2022 -February 2023, by selecting 288 patients whose average age was 47.09 ± 14.61 years, being the 41-50 years old group (29.17%) and the 51-60 years old group (19.44%) the most affected groups by pathologies of the anal region, with a predominance of male (54.17%). The sociodemographic characteristics with the highest frequency included married (48.61%) and single (47.22%); secondary level of education (44.44%) and traders (18.05%) and housewives (15, 28%) as predominant occupations. The risk factors were represented by onset of sexual intercourse between 16-20 years of age (65.28%), heterosexuality (91.67%), 22.22% reported having anal sex and 5.56% oral sex. Likewise, 5.56% were reported with a history of genital HPV and 4.17% were HIV positive. In addition, 48.61% stated not to use condoms. The initial clinical diagnosis included hemorrhoidal disease (30.55%), anal fistula (25%) and anal fissure (18.05%), and one patient (1.39%) with anal HPV infection. Anal cytology results showed 8.33% flat epithelial cells with cytopathic changes suggestive of HPV infection and 1.39% squamous cells with cytopathic changes suggestive of HPV infection: 50% mild inflammatory negative for malignancy and 33.33% flat epithelial cells without atypia. In conclusion, the anal cytology investigation should continue to determine the actual frequency of anal HPV infection. (AU)
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anal Canal/injuries , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Anal Canal/pathology , Health ProfileABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the global epidemic data of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the prevention and control measures, learn about the epidemic characteristics, development trend and the main factors affecting the prevention and control effect, and provide reference for scientific prevention and control of COVID-19.Methods:The data of COVID-19 mainly came from the WHO website and the websites of the United States, European and other Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the statistical time was from the beginning of the epidemic in each country to March 31, 2022). The epidemiological characteristics and trends in the world and major countries were analyzed, and the main factors affecting the prevention and control of the epidemic were studied. SPSS19.0 software was used to collate data and statistical analysis.Results:The worldwide cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 reached 1 million on April 2, 2020, 10 million cases on June 28, 2020, 100 million cases on January 25, 2021, 200 million cases on August 3, 2021, 300 million cases on January 6, 2022, 400 million cases on February 8, 2022, 489 million cases on March 31, 2022. From January 2020 to March 31, 2022, the interval between each additional 100 million cases was gradually shortened (about 360 days from the beginning of the epidemic to the increase to 100 million, the average time to increase from 100 million to 200 million, from 200 million to 300 million was 170 days, and the number of confirmed cases increased from 300 million to 400 million was only 33 days), the epidemic had accelerated. The worldwide cumulative number of death case was 100 000 on April 9, 2020, 1 million on September 19, 2020, 5 million on October 31, 2021, and 6.14 million on March 31, 2022. From January to October 2021, the average time interval for an increase of 1 million deaths was 97 days. After October, the growth rate decreased, averaging 121 days. At the end of 2021, affected by the Omicron mutation, the number of infected people worldwide increased sharply. By March 31, 2022, the cumulative number of confirmed cases in all continents was Europe (181 million), Asia (141 million), North America (94.67 million), South America (56.09 million), Africa (11.55 million) and Oceania (5.58 million) from high to low. The cumulative deaths from high to low was Europe (1.77 million), North America (1.42 million), Asia (1.41 million), South America (1.28 million), Africa (0.25 million) and Oceania (8 900). The top 5 countries with cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 were the United States (80.14 million), India (43.03 million), Brazil (29.98 million), France (25.82 million) and the United Kingdom (21.28 million). The top five countries with accumulated deaths were the United States (980 000), Brazil (660 000), India (520 000), the United Kingdom (160 000) and France (140 000).Conclusions:COVID-19 is a global public health emergency. The epidemic has spread worldwide with strong infectivity, rapid transmission and great harm. It is suggested to focus on the prevention and control of key links, strengthen the early warning mechanism, continue to take scientific public health prevention and control measures such as vaccination, reduce severe case and death and deal with an ongoing challenge.
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@#Abstract: Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Ankang City from 2011 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of PTB prevention and control strategy. Methods Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of PTB in Ankang City from 2011 to 2021, and a time series model was established to quantitatively predict the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in 2023. Results The incidence rate in Ankang City showed a significant upward trend from 2011 to 2017, and a more obvious downward trend in 2017-2021 (P<0.05), and the decrease rate in 2021 was 40.36% compared with that in 2017. The proportion of etiological positivity increased from 12.5% in 2014 to over 50.00% after 2019. The incidence season was mainly concentrated in the first quarter, accounting for 28.39% of the annual incidence. High incidence areas were concentrated in the south of Ankang: Langao County, Ziyang County and Zhenping County, with 128.32/100 000, 117.07/100 000 and 110.44/100 000, respectively. Low incidence areas were located in the north of Ankang: Ningshan County, with 60.62/100 000. Farmers and students were the high incidence groups, accounting for 81.80% and 4.97% of the total cases respectively. The incidence of young children was relatively low, but cases were reported every year. The incidence rate of male was 2.39 times that of female. The age of onset increased significantly from 15 years old, and the peak incidence was in the age group of 60-<80 years old, followed by the age group of 45-<60 years old, the average annual incidence was 136.44/100 000 and 104.47/100 000, respectively. The model ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1)12 predicted that the incidence of the disease generally increased from October 2022 to March 2023, then steadily decreased, and increased again in December. Conclusions The incidence of tuberculosis varies in different areas of Ankang City, and males, farmers, students and the elderly are all factors of high incidence of tuberculosis. Therefore, different prevention and control strategies should be adopted according to the characteristics of population in different areas. The number of cases in Ankang City in 2023 showed an overall downward trend, which can provide a reference for the prevention and control of PTB.
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@#Abstract: Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Nanping City, Fujian province and to provide the basis for formulating effective prevention and control measures as well as evaluating the efficacy of prevention and treatment. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the incidence data of HFMD in Nanping City from 2012 to 2021. Results A total of 49 231 cases of HFMD were reported in Nanping City from 2012 to 2021. The incidence fluctuated greatly over the 10-year period, ranging from 76.10/100 000 to 308.93/100 000, with an average incidence of 184.99/100 000 per year. The overall incidence and the number of cases showed a fluctuating downward trend over time, but the incidence was high in the next year, and there were statistically significant differences in the incidence rates between different years(χ2=8 169.176, P<0.001). There were significant regional differences in the incidence, the top three average annual incidence rates were: Guanze County (370.76/100 000), Zhenghe County (295.31/100 000) and Wuyishan City (250.31/100 000). There were two peaks of HFMD incidence each year, with the first occurring in May and June and the second occurring in September and October. The incidence rate was higher among males (215.86/100 000) than females (152.93/100 000), and males were more susceptible than females (RR=1.412, 95%CI=1.387-1.438). The cases were mainly aged 0-4 years, accounting for 86.25% (42 461/49 231) of all cases, and the incidence rate gradually decreased with increasing age (χ2trend=570,105.801, P<0.001). The majority of cases (85.22%, 41 953/49 231) occurred in children living in scattered areas, followed by children in kindergartens (12.39%, 6 101/49 231). The etiological results showed a total of 3 476 laboratory-confirmed cases, and the proportion of three (classes) of enterovirus positivity varied each year, with different pathogen compositions showing statistical significance (χ2=584.613, P<0.001). In addition to the years 2015-2017, during which Cox A16 and EV71 were the dominant strains, other years were dominated by other enteroviruses, with EV71 being the main type in severe and fatal cases of HFMD in Nanping City. Conclusion Nanping City should strengthen health education for children living in the diaspora and in day-care centers, enhance surveillance of epidemics and pathogenology, improve vaccination rates against EV71, focus on the detection and typing of other enteroviruses, and implement effective prevention and control measures for HFMD.
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@#Abstract: Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and related factors of norovirus in Guangxi from 2015 to 2020, and to provide scientific recommendations for norovirus prevention and control. Methods The foodborne diseases surveillance data were collected from 11 sentinel hospitals through the National Foodborne Disease Monitoring and Reporting System from 2015 to 2020. R software with version 4.0.3 was used for descriptive and statistical analysis, including epidemic curve, chi-square test, and trend chi-square and so on. Logistic regression was used to analyze norovirus-related factors, OR values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated respectively with the statistical test level of P<0.05. Results There were 1 008 norovirus cases detected, with a detection rate of 12.75% (1 008/7 903). Children with age less than 5 years (OR=1.43, 95%CI: 1.13-1.82) and patients at age 20-45 (OR=1.45, 95%CI: 1.13-1.87) were high risk population. The detection rate was higher in autumn (OR=1.29, 95%CI: 1.08-1.53) but lower in summer (OR=0.67, 95%CI: 0.55-0.80). In addition, the tourist area (Guilin City) presented a higher detection rate than other areas (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.10-1.80). Aquatic products (OR=1.40, 95%CI: 1.03-1.91), meat and dairy products (OR=1.31, 95%CI: 1.06-1.61) were high-risk foods for norovirus infection. The prevention and control policies of COVID-19 can reduce the possibility of norovirus by 61% (OR=0.39, 95%CI: 0.31-0.49) showed a declining trend (Trend χ2=85.33, P<0.001). In addition, prolonged visit time can lead to 19%-23% decrease in the detection rate of norovirus (OR24-48 hours=0.81, 95%CI: 0.70-0.95; OR>48 hours=0.77, 95%CI: 0.63-0.93). Conclusions The epidemic of norovirus presented seasonal and regional distribution in Guangxi with a declining detection rate trend in diarrhea patients during recent 6 years. Young children were high-risk population in infection norovirus. The intake of seafood can increase the risk of norovirus infection. The prevention and control policies of COVID-19 can sharply decrease the possibility of infection norovirus. The monitoring of key foods such as seafood should be strengthened, and the early screening of suspected cases should be taken. The norovirus monitoring should be improved to ensure the health of the population.
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@#Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of influenza in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of influenza. Methods Influenza surveillance data in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 55 970 cases of influenza were reported in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, with an average annual incidence of 388.08/100 000. A total of 103 723 cases of influenza -like illness cases (ILI) were reported, with an average annual ILI% of 3.58%. The incidence, ILI% , and positive detection rates of influenza were all far higher than those in the corresponding period in 2019. The classification of the population is mainly composed of students under the age of 15. The top three reported cases were Fucheng District (20 118, 35.94%), Youxian District (6 394, 11.42%) and Jiangyou District (5 800, 10.36%). 10 126 samples of ILI were received and detected, with a positive rate of 19.53%, the positive rate of ILI samples was mainly students under 15 years old. The dominant strains of influenza viruses showed an alternating trend over the years, and A (H3) was the predominant type in 2019. Except for 2 A (H9) strains detected in 2021, the rest were all BV strains. Due to the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, the positive detection rate was low throughout the year. 43 outbreaks of ILI were reported, which were mainly occurred in winter, and most of them were in primary schools. Conclusion From 2019 to 2021, the characteristics of cases, ILI, pathogen surveillance and outbreak events of influenza in Mianyang City are basically the same, with students under 15 years of age and schools remaining the key population and sites of concern. the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions for influenza prevention and control is further evidenced by the low incidence of influenza during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Objective To provide reference for the development of prevention and control strategies for HIV/AIDS cases aged 50 and above in Yichang city from 2013 to 2020 by epidemiological characteristics anaylsing. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic situation and epidemiological data. Results A total of 1 126 HIV/AIDS cases were reported during the monitoring period, and 296 cases were 50 years old and above, accounting for 26.29%. The proportion of cases aged 50 years and above to the total number of cases and the annual reported incidence rate both showed an upward trend (P＜0.01). The cases were mainly male (74.66%), and the older the age, the greater the proportion of males (P=0.02). The age of confirmed cases is mainly concentrated in 50-59 years (68.58%), of which 49.66% were married and 74.32% were at junior high school and below. Sexual contact (accounting for 99.66%) was the main route of infection, the proportion of non-marital heterosexual sex was relatively high, especially in female cases (accounting for 74.67%). Those who had been infected for more than 8 years accounted for 48.75%, and the proportion of infected age ≥50 years in the total number of cases showed an upward trend. Cases were found mainly from medical institutions (74.66%). Conclusion The HIV/AIDS epidemic situation of people aged 50 and above in Yichang City was relatively severe and has became a key population for prevention and control. Targeted and effective prevention and control measures should be taken to reduce the harm of AIDS to the population.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and prevalent pathogens of foodborn diseases in Anyang city, results of active surveillance of foodborne diseases in Anyang City in 2016-2021,and to provide references for prevention and control of foodborne diseasess. Methods Information on surveillancecases of foodborne diseases reported by sentinel hospitals in Anyang City from 2016 to 2021 was collected, and the collected stool specimens were tested for pathogens.Data was analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methods. Results A total of 1 535 foodborne cases were collected in Anyang City.The reported cases were mainly concentrated in June to August (53.03%, 814/1535), among which the 25-44 years old group (25.41%, 390/1 535) and 45-65 years old group (24.43%, 375/1 535) were the main cases; the proportion of home-made in the processing or packaging method was the highest, and the home was the main exposed places (46.45%, 713/1 535) . Gastrointestinal symptoms were the main clinical symptoms (94.07%, 1 444/1 535) , The overall detection rate of pathogen in Anyang City was 6.97% , and The detection rates of pathogenic microorganisms were statistically significant in different years. The main serotype of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli was EAEC(73.81%), and the main type of Salmonella was Salmonella enteritidis (54.55%). Conclusion The incidence of food-borne diseases in Anyang City is high in summer and autumn from 2016 to 2021. The age groups of 25-44 years old and 45-65 years old are the main incidence groups. The exposed places are mainly family, and the pathogens cause Escherichia coli, Salmonella. It is necessary to further improve the active surveillance system of foodborne diseases in Anyang City, increase the monitoring of key high-risk groups, and strengthen food safety education for home-made food, especially in summer and autumn.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of school varicella and varicella public health emergency event (PHEE) in Yunnan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of varicella in schools. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the reported PHEE of varicella in students and varicella in schools in Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2020. Results From 2018 to 2020, a total of 69,391 cases of varicella were reported in students in Yunnan Province, accounting for 71.48% (69 391 / 97 080) of the total cases in the province, and the annual average reported incidence rate was 255.56/100 000 (69 391/27.1522 million). The time distribution of the incidence showed double peaks, which were from May to July (26.48%) and October to January of the following year (53.88%). The incidence rates of different schools from high to low were 301.74/100 000 for primary schools (34 816/11.538 3 million), 250.43/100 000 for kindergarten (11 526/4.6024 million), 202.74/100 000 for middle school (16 779/8.276 1 million), and 119.07/100 000 for others (3 257/2.735 4 million). The age distribution was mainly concentrated in 5-9 years old, accounting for 39.81% (27 625/69 391). Varicella PHEE accounted for 25.64% (180/702）of the province's PHEE in the same period, school varicella PHEE accounted for 100% of varicella PHEE, and the attack rate was 3.38% (6 566/194 260). The sources of reported varicella PHEE were hospitals 45.40% (58/123), epidemic analysis 36.78% (44/123), schools 13.22% (15/123), and others 4.60% (6/123). Conclusion The incidence of varicella in schools in Yunnan Province is high, which is harmful to students. PHEE reported in rural schools are relatively lagging behind. On the basis of doing two doses of varicella vaccination, emergency prevention should be focused on epidemic seasons, lower grade schools and rural schools. The source of infection shall be controlled and managed in time to prevent the outbreak of the epidemic. It is recommended that varicella should be included in the management of Class C infectious diseases.
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Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, from 2012 to 2022, so as to provide the evidence for improving the foodborne disease control strategy. @*Methods@#Foodborne disease outbreaks in Shaoxing City from 2012 to 2022 were collected from National Foodborne Disease Outbreak Monitoring System in China, including populations, places of outbreak, pathogenic factors and suspected foods. The temporal distribution, regional distribution, distribution of outbreak places and pathogenic factors of foodborne disease outbreaks were descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 89 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in Shaoxing City from 2012 to 2022, covering totally 699 patients, with an average annual attack rate of 6.35%. The outbreak peaked during the period between June and October (73 outbreaks, 82.02%), and family was the predominant place of outbreak (41 outbreaks, 46.07%). There were 83 outbreaks with known pathogenic factors, including 51 outbreaks caused by microbial factors, with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella and norovirus as predominant pathogens, and 29 outbreaks caused by fungi and their toxins, which were all poisonous mushrooms poisoning, resulting in 2 deaths. In addition, there were 3 outbreaks caused by chemical factors. @*Conclusions@#The outbreak of foodborne diseases predominantly occurred in summer and autumn in Shaoxing City from 2012 to 2022. Family was the predominant place of outbreak, and toxic mushroom poisoning was the most lethal pathogenic factor.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the vaccination status of the cases in Jing’an District from 2017 to 2019， so as to provide reference basis for the strategy of prevention and control of varicella epidemic. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Jing’an District. The differences between the vaccinated group and the unvaccinated group were compared by statistical methods. ResultsA total of 2 508 cases of varicella were reported with an average annual incidence of 78.7/105 from 2017 to 2019. There was no significant difference in the incidence among the three years（χ2=5.535，P=0.063）. There were 1 308 males and 1 200 females， and sex ratio was 1.1∶1. The highest incidence occurred in the age group from 5 to 9 years old （562 cases， 479.3/105）. Two annual peaks occured in May and November. The incidence in the aged 18 and below decreased year by year. There was significant difference in the proportion among the three years（χ2=78.129， P<0.001）. The median interval from vaccination to onset was 5 years among the vaccinated cases. There was significant difference in the cases who received two doses of vaccine in three years（χ2=90.902， P<0.001）. ConclusionWe should strengthen the monitoring system and pay more attention to the epidemiological characteristics of varicella. The protective efficacy of two-doses vaccine needs to be systematically evaluated.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of nosocomial Escherichia coli infection and risk factors of ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli infection in children, and to provide scientific basis for better prevention of nosocomial Escherichia coli infection in children. Methods A total of 169 children with nosocomial infection hospitalized in Handan Regional Children's Hospital from January 2020 to December 2020 were selected by random sampling method. After specimen collection, bacteria were identified by VitEK-32 identification system , and drug sensitivity of isolated pure Escherichia coli colony was identified by automatic drug sensitivity analyzer Phoenix 100. Statistical analysis of drug resistance of Escherichia coli. The clinical data of the children were retrieved from the case system by uniformly trained professionals, and the department distribution, underlying diseases, clinical characteristics, antibiotic resistance, length of hospital stay, surgery, invasive exercises and other clinical data of all the children were counted. Factor logistic regression analysis of the risk factors of nosocomial infection of ESBLs Escherichia coli in children in the hospital. Results A among of 39 strains of Escherichia coli were detected in children with nosocomial infection in children's hospital. The main specimens were 22 strains (56.41%) in sputum, 11 strains (28.21%) in urine and 6 strains (15.38%) in blood.Twenty-one strains of ESBLs Escherichia coli were detected, with a positive rate of 53.85%. Fever was the most common first symptom in 37 cases (94.87%). Children with ESBLs (+) Escherichia coli infection were significantly higher than those with ESBLs (-) Escherichia coli in age, length of hospitalization, neonates/recent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, complicated underlying diseases, and invasive operation (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that recent use of antibiotics, combined with underlying diseases, and invasive operation were independent risk factors for ESBLs infection in children in hospital (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of nosocomial Escherichia coli infection in children is high, and active intervention should be carried out for children who have recently used antibiotics, complicated with underlying diseases, and invasive operations to reduce the risk of ESBLs Escherichia coli infection.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of initial acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and its correlation with meteorological factors, and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of ACI. Methods Atotal of 308 ACI patients admitted to our hospital from 2019 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and the age, gender, height, weight, complications, onset season and initial symptoms of all patients were systematically analyzed from the hospital case system. Collected during the same period of meteorological data, including: monthly average temperature (℃), monthly mean minimum temperature (℃), monthly average highest temperature (℃), monthly average diurnal range (℃), the average daily air pressure (kPa), etc., by using circular distribution analysis the season of incipient ACI onset regularity, the linear correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis of the relationship between meteorological factors and the incipient ACI onset. Results The male to female ratio of 308 patients was 1.15:1. A among of 55.84% of the patients were 65 years old or older and mainly lived in urban areas (77.27%). The main risk factors were hypertension (24.03%), followed by hyperlipidemia (24.03%). The incidence was mainly in winter (30.84%) and spring (26.62%). The first symptoms are headache, dizziness, unclear speech, followed by malignant, tinnitus, vomiting, hemiplegia, dysphagia, etc. The number of ACI cases was highest in January and December, and lowest in May and June.Linear correlation analysis showed that the number of ACI cases was negatively correlated with monthly mean air temperature, monthly mean minimum air temperature and monthly mean daily range ( r=-0.362 , -0.429, -0.374, P<0.05), and positively correlated with monthly mean air pressure ( r=0.317, P<0.05). The meteorological factors that affected the incidence of ACI were monthly mean minimum temperature, followed by monthly mean daily range (P<0.05). Conclusion Meteorological factors are the influencing factors of the incidence of initial ACI. The incidence of initial ACI is high under low temperature and high atmospheric pressure. Active intervention should be given to reduce the incidence.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella infection in foodborne diseases in Shanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Salmonella infection. Methods Automatic microbial biochemical identification system was used to identify Salmonella , and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the characteristics of Salmonella infections in foodborne diseases in Shanxi Province from 2016 to 2021. Results The basic information of 10 037 cases of foodborne diseases and their Salmonella detection results were analyzed. The detection rate of Salmonella was 5.25%, and the main serotype was Salmonella enteritidis (209/522). The positive detection rate of Salmonella in the 0-10 years old age group was the highest (6.04%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2= 19.23, P = 0.01). The positive detection rate of Salmonella in kindergarteners was the highest at 10.71%, and there was a significant difference in the positive detection rate among different occupations (χ2= 43.31, P 2= 4.43, P = 0.04). Cases involving food stores had a higher Salmonella detection rate (9.54%), and the peak period of Salmonella infection was from May 24 to August 23. Conclusion The incidence of Salmonella infection in foodborne diseases is high in summer and autumn. Foods in food stores and bulk foods are more likely to cause Salmonella infection. Supervision and management of food stores should be strengthened, and special attention should be paid to children in kindergartens during the epidemic peak.
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ObjectiveTo determine the influence of COVID-19 prevention and control on the epidemic characteristics and dynamics of notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters， Zhejiang Province， and to explore more effective countermeasures against infectious diseases. MethodsDescriptive epidemiology was conducted to determine the change in notifiable infectious diseases during the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Zhejiang Province by retrieving the data of notifiable infectious diseases from 2017 to 2022 in the Chinese information system for disease control and prevention. Cumulative reported new cases of notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters of 2017‒2019 were compared with that of 2020‒2022. ResultsA total of 546 753 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were newly reported in the first quarters of 2017‒2019， with an average incidence of 321.92/105. In contrast， a total of 509 908 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were newly reported in the first quarters of 2020‒2022， during which the COVID-19 epidemic occurred， with an average incidence of 270.39/105. The incidence in 2020‒2022 significantly declined by 51.53/105， compared with that in 2017‒2019 （χ²=8 072.06， P<0.001）. In the first quarters of 2020‒2022， the average incidence of zoonotic diseases and vector-borne diseases decreased by more than 50%. In addition， the incidence of respiratory， enteric， blood-borne， and sexually transmitted diseases declined to certain degree. ConclusionThe decline in the newly reported cases of non-COVID-19 notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters of 2020‒2022 indicates that the countermeasures against COVID-19 epidemic， such as multi-disease co-prevention， multi-sectoral collaboration， societal mobilization and personal hygiene and protection， may also decrease the incidence of multiple infectious diseases. It suggests the countermeasures are effective， which would provide evidence for routine prevention and control of infectious diseases in future.
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ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics and distributions of measles in Baoshan District， Shanghai. MethodsThis study used the measles surveillance information and reporting system to collect reported cases of measles in Baoshan District in 2005‒2021 and then conducted descriptive epidemiological methods to determine the temporality using the concentration method. ResultsIn 2005‒2021， a total of 525 measles cases were reported in Baoshan District with an average annual reported incidence rate of 1.75/105， showing an overall fluctuating downward trend and obvious seasonality. The cases concentrated in 30‒39 years of age （31.24%）， 20‒29 years （28.57%）， and under 5 years （16.57%）. Majority of them were workers （18.10%）， preschool children （16.19%）， and unemployed persons （12.76%）. The incidence was significantly higher in the central region than in the other two regions for workers， preschool children， and unemployed persons （χ2=54.515， P<0.001）. Spatially， the incidence was significantly higher in the north-central sub-districts than in the south （χ2=88.103， P<0.001）. Moreover， 33.14% of measles cases did not receive measles-containing vaccine （MCV）， while 53.90% of the cases remained unknown. Additionally， uptake rate of MCV in non-local residents was significantly lower than in local residents （χ2=14.422， P<0.001）. ConclusionThe measles incidence remains remarkably low in Baoshan District of Shanghai. Young and middle-aged populations in the north-central region are susceptible to measles. It is recommended to further strengthen measles surveillance， maintain high coverage of MCV among school-age children combined with catch-up immunization for at-risk populations， and improve health education.